The DHAK study examines the role of informal “digital helpers” in reducing digital inequalities and sustaining access to increasingly digitalised services. Focusing on two metropolitan contexts—Bordeaux Métropole (France) and the City of Brussels (Belgium)—the executive summary provides a concise summary of the main results and policy recommendations.

The final report of the DHAK project identifies key patterns in how digital help is distributed, the types of tasks that trigger support, and the conditions under which such assistance fosters either user autonomy or dependency. It also underlines the limits of relying on informal support, particularly where responsibility, workload, and risks are shifted onto private individuals.

Reindustrialisation has returned to the forefront of Europe’s policy agenda, driven by geopolitical tensions, energy price instability and the need to strengthen long-term competitiveness while advancing the green transition. The ESPON RE-INDUSTRY project analysed how regions can position themselves within this changing landscape, focusing on the Kvarken region spanning western Finland and northern Sweden.